ࡱ> =?<@ jbjb &l fNNNNNNNNNPPPPPP, v|NNNNN|NNNN"NNNNNH^N:pFN6NWRT 101: On Argumentation: Types of Claims  The following are the basic types of claims in which most arguments can be classified. Examples are provided with each claim. 1) Simple Categorical Argument Is X a Y? (you and audience agree on definition of Y) A categorical argument is simple if the audience and writer agree on the base classification (Y). Writing Strategy: Provide examples or other evidence to show that X does or does not belong category Y. Examples: Is surfing the Internet a new kind of addiction? Is Sesame Street a sexist program? 2) Definitional Argument Is X a Y? (the definition of Y is contested) A categorical argument becomes more complicated if you and your audience do not agree about the meaning of Y, or there are multiple meanings of Y. Writing Strategy: Begin by defining Y and then argue whether the first term does or does not meet the definition (with examples, evidence). Examples: Is spam constitutionally protected free speech? Is Pluto a planet or an asteroid? 3) Clause/Consequence Argument Is X a cause of Y? Is Y a consequence of X? Entails cause and effect reasoning. Writing Strategy: Describe the chain of events that lead from X to Y. If a chain cannot be directly established, you can argue indirectly using inductive methods, analogies, and statistical analyses. Examples: What will be the environmental consequences of rising rates of pollution? Will gun control legislation reduce violence in schools? 4) Resemblance Argument Is X like Y? Resemblance arguments are essentially disputes about analogies or precedents. Writing Strategy: Clearly define both items. Compare the first term to the second, pointing out similarities or differences between them. Examples: Was Slobodan Milosevics policy of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo like Hitlers final solution against the Jews? Is pornography like racist propaganda? 5) Evaluation Argument Is X good or bad? Is X a good or bad Y? Evaluation arguments deal with values, what people consider right or important, good, or worth doing. Values can form the basis for argument if they are articulated, defended, and justified. Writing Strategy: You must first establish your criteria for Y ( good or the right thing to do) in the specific case and then show how your X does or does not meet that criteria. Examples: Are SUVs good for the environment? Was the War on Iraq the right thing to do? Is acquiring job experience between college and graduate school a good career plan? 6) Proposal Argument Should we do X? Proposals ask your audience to do something or to act in some way. Writing Strategy: Follow a problem-solution structure. First convince audience the problem exists, then propose a solution to the problem. Finally, justify the solution through providing benefits. Use words like should, ought, must when forming your solution. Examples: Should gay marriages be legalized? Should the United States provide health care for its citizens? Source: Claim Types in Argument By Ramage, bean, and Johnson. Chapter 10. Groupwork: Determine what type of claim is being represented by each of the following questions. Sometimes the argument categories can overlap or blend together. For example, the question Is airline travel safe? might be considered either a simple categorical question or an evaluation question. Should violent video games be made illegal? How effective is aspirin in reducing the risk of heart attacks and strokes? Why is anorexia nervosa primarily a disease of white, middle-class females? Is depression in the elderly common in Asian cultures? Were the September 11 attacks like Pearl Harbor? Is the Electoral College system in the United States flawed? Should education be free for United States citizens? Is the Death Penalty cruel and unusual treatment? Is donating money to questionable organizations like funding terrorism? 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