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Improving
Adhesion At Polystyrene And Polymethyl Methacrylate Interfaces Containing
Fillers
Mordechai Bronner, Anshul Shah, and Miriam Rafailovich, Department of Materials Science and Engineering |
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The
purpose of this study was to determine the effects of fillers on the adhesion
at polystyrene (PS) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) interfaces and
to improve this adhesion. One filler, carbon black, is used in the automotive
industry as a strengthening agent in tires, because it improves the mechanical
and thermodynamic properties of the material. It is known that tires sometimes
fall apart due to tread separation, a result of poor adhesion between
the rubber interfaces involved. The effect of carbon black on bulk properties
in polymers has been the subject of previous research; my experiments
investigated the impact of carbon black on the strength of adhesion in
polymers. First, PS and PMMA slabs were molded in a hot press at 150°C.
Solutions were created containing varying concentrations of carbon black
in toluene, along with PS or PMMA. The solutions were then spun-cast onto
the polymer slabs at 2500 rpm for 20 seconds, leaving a thin film of polymer
containing carbon black. Ellipsometry was used to confirm a constant film
thickness of 1000Å. Each coated slab was then joined with another
slab of the same type in the hot press, so adhesive bonds could form.
The resulting "sandwich" sample could then be tested via the
Asymmetric Double Cantilever Beam (ADCB) test. This method allows the
adhesion to be measured by propagating a crack at the interface, and measuring
the length of the crack. Crack measurement allows for the calculation
of the fracture toughness, or Gc, a value that quantifies adhesion. Three
different types of N299 carbon black, obtained from Cabot Corp., were
tested: untreated (standard), heat-treated at 1100°C, and heat-treated
at 2400°C. The treated particles had been heated for 90 minutes. The
results showed that increasing concentrations of carbon black increasingly
diminished the fracture toughness of the PS/PS interface. However, the
heat-treated grades of carbon black did not exhibit quite as drastic an
effect, particularly the type treated at 2400°C. This finding is significant,
because it shows that carbon black, while beneficial to various bulk properties
of polymers, can lower the adhesion at polymer interfaces. In tires, poor
adhesion between the polymers can lead to tread separation, since the
tread must adhere to the rest of the tire. Future work will utilize Atomic
Force Microscopy (AFM) to examine interfaces that have undergone adhesive
failure and characterize the adhesion. Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy
(SIMS) will be used to measure the impact of the carbon black fillers
on diffusion, a quantity that is directly related to adhesive strength.
Further experimentation will also be done with other fillers, colloidal
silica and clay, to determine an effect on fracture toughness. This project
was funded by NSF 011974-1011151 and Simons Grant 265210. |
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