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Iraq's Disappearing Heritage: Costs Aren't Only Financial

When researchers think about Federal agencies, their concern usually focuses on research policy. But Anthropology's Elizabeth Stone and her colleagues have also started paying attention to war aims and foreign relations. The Archaeological Institute of America urged the Department of Defense to consider historic sites in Iraq when planning U.S. military strategy for the Iraq War, and Prof. Stone has been among the archaeologists drawing international attention to the situation. She has been interviewed by national and international media several times this spring and summer on the impact of the Iraq war on the remains of the ancient Mesopotamian "cradle of civilization." As CNN reported on the looting of the Iraqi National Museum shortly after the cessation of large-scale hostilities, Prof. Stone looked beyond the rare and highly valuable nature of the items that were stolen to their implications for the future unity of post-Saddam Iraq. She also noted later in The New York Times, "If I were thinking of how to bring together the disparate ethnic and religious groups in Iraq today, ancient Mesopotamia would be the model I'd use. It had a culture that ranged across many regions from the south to the north, but they all used the same writing system and worshiped the same gods. They even had democratic institutions, in term of assemblies and councils. If you want to create a democratic, unified Iraq, that's the [symbolism] you want, and you've lost it." Prof. Stone has visited Iraq since the ceasefire and was a member of the National Geographic Society's expedition to assess the damage last May, reported in the current (October) issue of National Geographic Magazine.

loot2goodNearly 100,000 archaeological sites have been identified in the "cradle of civilization," which 6000 years ago became the site of the first cities in human history as well as the first writing and the first recorded literature. In a war zone, after-the-event looters aren't the only threats to fragile artifacts. One site damaged in the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a large 4000-year-old ziggurat at Ur in southern Iraq, which was struck by 400 artillery shells; Prof. Stone pointed out that cuneiform tablets, which are made of unbaked mud and which record among other things the information about ancient legal proceedings that is one of the primary sources for her current research, can be disintegrated by the shock of a nearby explosion.

Prof. Stone's fieldwork uses a mixture of classic and new techniques including remote sensing, geographic information systems, survey, and excavation. Her studies of the organization of a number of well documented urban societies suggest that city-states differ radically from territorial states in both interpersonal relations and the nature and organization of their cities.

 

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